Heightened Regulation of the Stock Market
What Directors of Listed Companies Need to Know

In the past two years, in-line with their publicly announced enforcement strategies and priorities, both the SEHK and the SFC have stepped up regulation of the stock market. The SEHK is increasingly taking enforcement action against listed companies and their directors for misfeasance, whilst the SFC is increasingly taking a proactive and interventionist role in pre-empting misfeasance.

The SEHK

The SEHK is the traditional frontline regulator of listed companies and directors, ensuring an orderly, informed and fair market for the trading of listed securities through enforcement of the Listing Rules of the Main Board of the SEHK and the Listing Rules of the Growth Enterprise Market of the SEHK (collectively referred as the “Listing Rules”).

Our review of enforcement action taken by the SEHK from the past 3 years confirms that the SEHK is enforcing the Listing Rules more aggressively.

Number of Investigations

The number of investigations undertaken by the SEHK has increased. In 2018, the SEHK carried out 111 investigations. This compares to 86 investigations conducted in 2017 and 71 investigations conducted in 2016. The data show that the number of investigations grew year-on-year by an average of 25% over this period ( Figure 1.1.).

Secondly, the number of regulatory responses issued by the SEHK against both listed corporations and their directors has increased. Regulatory responses either took the form of a disciplinary action against listed companies and their directors for serious breaches or the issuance of a warning or caution letter for less serious breaches. The number of sanctions (i.e. public censures, public statements involving criticism, private reprimands) imposed as a result of disciplinary actions increased by approximately three (3) times from 11 and 9 respectively in 2016 and 2017 to 24 in 2018 ( Figure 1.2.). The number of warning or caution letters issued increased from 331 in 2017 to 401 in 2018 ( Figure 1.3.). The data suggest that while the number of warning or caution letters has increased broadly in line with the increase in the number of investigations, the number of disciplinary actions has markedly outpaced the increase in the number of investigations.

Focus of Investigations

Our review suggests that SEHK investigations have focused on 7 key areas, namely:

• directors’ performance of fiduciary duties;

• failure of issuers and directors to cooperate with the SEHK’s investigations;

• inaccurate, incomplete and/or misleading disclosure in corporate communication;

• failure to comply with procedural requirements in respect of notifiable/connected transactions;

• repeated breaches of the Listing Rules;

• delayed trading resumption; and

• financial reporting.

Individual Accountability

Perhaps of greater concern to directors, our review suggests that the SEHK is placing much greater emphasis on individual accountability. The SEHK has increasingly been taking disciplinary action against directors, including non-executive directors. In 2017, 24 directors were subject to disciplinary sanctions but in 2018, 120 directors were subject to disciplinary sanctions, representing a five-fold increase. Out of the 120 directors subject to disciplinary sanctions, 49 of them were non-executive directors ( Figure 1.4.).

However, it is significant to note that a common breach by directors is a failure to cooperate with investigations or enquires conducted by the SEHK, which includes failing to promptly and openly answers questions addressed by the SEHK to him or her. Sanctions for this type of breach would normally include a public censure and the Exchange stating that such conduct will be taken into consideration in assessing suitability should the person wish to become a director of another issuer in the future.

From the perspective of the SEHK, executive directors must show that they have exercised their own independent judgment in the management and administration of the company. Similarly, non-executive directors must show that they have exercised their own independent judgment at periodic board meetings and at meetings of any committees of the board.

The SFC

Unlike the SEHK, the SFC is a statutory regulator. Its sanctioning powers are far more serious than those available to the SEHK. For example, it has the power to bring criminal proceedings against wrongdoers, meaning that it has the power to bring proceedings to imprison wrongdoers. Equally, for example, it has the power to institute proceedings before the Market Misconduct Tribunal, either to fine listed companies and their directors in the case of a failure to disclose price sensitive information on a timely basis or to require listed companies to disgorge profits made as a result of disclosure of false or misleading information. Finally, for example, it has the power to bring civil proceedings to disqualify directors and to obtain compensation for investors from listed companies and their directors.

In contrast, the sanctioning power of the SEHK as a regulator is inherently limited as the Listing Rules are non-statutory in nature. As a result, a breach of the Listing Rules by itself cannot result in imprisonment or fines.

Equally, the SFC’s information gathering powers are far more extensive and compelling than those available to the SEHK. Whereas directors of companies listed on the SEHK may ignore enquires from the SEHK with the consequence only of a reprimand, the failure to comply with a demand for information issued by the SFC may result in criminal penalties.

Given significant limitations in the SEHK’s sanctioning and information gathering powers, it is notable that the SFC and the SEHK appear to have generally allocated responsibility for punishing corporate misconduct to the SEHK. Whilst the SFC does continue to pursue enforcement action for serious misconduct, its primary focus appears to have shifted towards pre-emptive action to avoid serious misconduct.

Front Loaded Regulation

The “front-loaded” approach to regulation has meant a focus by the SFC on early intervention, meaning that the SFC now seeks to directly intervene in cases where it suspects serious corporate misconduct at the stage where the transaction is “proposed” or prior to the listing of company. In this regard, the SFC may rely upon their powers under the Securities and Futures (Stock Market Listing) Rules (“SMLR”) to object to the listing of the securities of a company on the SEHK, to impose suspensions on trading of securities of a company listed on the SEHK, or to delist a company from the SEHK. Under the SMLR, the SFC has wide discretion to exercise such powers. For example, the power to object to a listing application or to suspend a listed company may be exercised when the SFC considers that it is in the interest of the investing public or any false, incomplete or misleading information is contained within the listing application or any document connected with the listed company. The SFC may also impose a suspension if it is necessary or expedient in the interest of maintaining an orderly and fair market in listed securities. Finally, the SFC may delist a listed company if it considers that the cancellation is necessary to maintain an orderly market in Hong Kong.

Our review of SFC action in the corporate finance arena shows a marked increase in the SFC’s use of its powers under the SMLR, confirming the SFC’s stated goal of front-loading their regulatory approach. The SFC was involved in cases concerning the potential or actual deployment of their powers under the SMLR 46 times in 2018 and 32 times in 2017. In comparison, prior to the introduction of the front loaded approach in July 2017, the SFC only deployed their powers 3 times in 2016 ( Figure 1.5.).

By way of example, if the SFC takes the view that a proposed transaction is “oppressive or unfairly prejudicial to the shareholders or potential investors of a listed company”, the SFC may directly intervene before the transaction is carried out. The SFC may, for example, take the view that a proposed transaction is “oppressive or unfairly prejudicial” if a listed company announces a highly dilutive share placement at an unjustifiably large discount where there is no apparent need for additional funding, the size of the issuance results in control passing from the existing controllers to new controllers, or the proceeds of the placement will fund the acquisition of a loss-making business or assets that would not have made it past the IPO vetting process.

For the purpose of determining whether to intervene, leveraging their statutory powers, even in the absence of an enforcement action, the SFC can require a person to describe the circumstances in which a document was prepared or created, to provide the details of all instructions given or received in connection with the preparation of the documents and to provide an explanation of the reasons for the making of entries contained in (or omission of entries from) the document.

Enforcement Action

The SFC “front-loaded” approach to regulation has come at the same time as a fall over the past 3 years of roughly 50% in the number of investigations initiated, criminal charges laid, notices of proposed disciplinary action issued and compliance advice letters issued by the SFC. In 2015, the SFC initiated 515 investigations. After the front-loaded regulatory approach was announced, the number of investigations started dropped immediately to 280 in 2017 and to 238 in 2018. Similarly, the number of criminal charges laid by the SFC dropped from 107 in 2015 to 42 in 2018. The SFC issued 35 notices of proposed disciplinary action in 2015 whereas the number issued dropped to 22 in 2018. Finally, the SFC issued only 234 compliance advice letters in 2018 whereas in 2015, the SFC issued 453 such letters ( Figure 1.6.).

The data in the past 4 years reveals that the number of investigations involving intermediaries and market misconduct has been falling on a yearly basis but the ones involving corporate misgovernance have been increasing. The number of investigations regarding intermediary misconduct fell from 226 in 2015 to 145 in 2018 and the ones regarding unlicensed activities fell from 124 in 2015 to 66 in 2018. The number of investigations involving market manipulation fell from 137 in 2015 to 77 in 2018 and the ones involving insider dealing fell from 110 in 2015 to 62 in 2018. However, the number of investigations involving corporate misgovernance was 56 in 2015 but increased by nearly 30% to 72 in 2018 ( Figure 1.7.). It is clear that the SFC’s enforcement policy has shifted from previously focusing on intermediaries and market misconduct to corporate misgovernance.

In recent months, for example, we have seen the SFC take action against directors of listed companies through the Market Misconduct Tribunal and the Hong Kong courts for late or inaccurate disclosure of price sensitive information. For example, the SFC commenced legal proceedings in the Court of First Instance to seek disqualification orders against former directors of Luxey International (Holdings) Limited in relation to the publication of false statements in the company’s announcement and circular in respect of a very substantial acquisition and the former chief financial officer, company secretary and executive director of Fujian Nuoqi Co., Ltd in relation to the disclosure of inaccurate information about the use of the global equity offering proceedings in the company’s annual report. Similarly, the SFC commenced proceedings in the Market Misconduct Tribunal against Health and Happiness (H&H) International Holdings Ltd and its chairman in respect of their failure to disclose the company’s financial deterioration in a timely manner.

Despite drops in the total number of enforcement actions, the SFC insists that its “front-loaded” approach does not preclude enforcement action even where it scuttles a proposed transaction or listing. However, whilst it may be possible that enforcement actions will emerge in the future from cases where the SFC has more recently objected to a transaction, our review identifies very few instances where the SFC has in fact taken enforcement action after objecting to a proposed transaction.

Interaction Between The Sehk and The SFC

Prior to the announcement of the SFC’s “front-loaded” approach, it was the exclusive role of the SEHK to regulate listed companies. Since then, the SFC’s enforcement policy shifted towards focusing more on serious corporate misgovernance involving listed companies and less on intermediary misconduct and market misconduct. At the same time, the SEHK increased the number of investigations and regulatory responses issued against both listed corporations and their directors. Our review also shows that the SEHK refers to the SFC any conduct which may amount to a possible breach of the SFO and that the number of SEHK referrals has increased markedly, from 24 in 2016 to 47 in 2018 ( Figure 1.8.). If the present trend continues, it is not unforeseeable that the SFC would eventually usurp the role of the SEHK as the primary frontline regulator of listed companies. Such a result would likely result in a more rigorous approach to the regulation of listed companies given the much more powerful tools available to the SFC as compared to the SEHK.